An Attempt To Date
the Julian Calendar
G.D.O'Bradovich III
September, 2012
Per the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "calendar" entered the English Language dates circa 1205. Other aspects of the Julian calendar are listed below.
Ides
Indiction Calends Nones |
1330 circa
1387 1398 1420 circa |
In the Roman Empire, the Indiction is a land tax accessed every 15 years. The Calends was the first day of the month. The Ides was the thirteenth day of most months and the Nones were eight days before the Ides.
Is it thought that the original days of the month were-
Is it thought that the original days of the month were-
Calend
None Ide |
New Moon
Half Moon Full Moon |
Francis Bacon is the first person referenced by the OED to have used the word "Julian" to describe the calendar in the year 1592. Pope Gregory introduced the Gregorian Calendar in 1582. It is interesting to note that no one thought to call the calendar "Julian" until it was replaced. The Byzantine Calendar was in used in Eastern Europe. The Eastern Church did not use the year of Christ's birth for their calendar, but the foundation of the world. The year 7,000 in the Byzantine Calendar is the year 1492 A.D.
The "Lustra" was a five year cycle in the Roman Empire. The adjective, "Lustral", is not referenced until 1533.
"Caesarean birth" is not referenced until 1615.
From the above table, it seems that English had a calendar(1205) and around 1330, the middle of of the month (full moon) was introduced. The concept of the new moon, Calends, is recorded 70 years later and twenty years later the half moon, Nones, appears.
Therefore, the calendar that we have today was introduced around the year 1420. Of note- the first day of the Julian year 1420 starts on a Sunday, September 1st. A "first indiction" dates from 1408.
Pope Gregory the Great reigned from 590 to 600 and the first reference to him dates from 1653.
The "Lustra" was a five year cycle in the Roman Empire. The adjective, "Lustral", is not referenced until 1533.
"Caesarean birth" is not referenced until 1615.
From the above table, it seems that English had a calendar(1205) and around 1330, the middle of of the month (full moon) was introduced. The concept of the new moon, Calends, is recorded 70 years later and twenty years later the half moon, Nones, appears.
Therefore, the calendar that we have today was introduced around the year 1420. Of note- the first day of the Julian year 1420 starts on a Sunday, September 1st. A "first indiction" dates from 1408.
Pope Gregory the Great reigned from 590 to 600 and the first reference to him dates from 1653.
As late as 1582, it was common practice to use full stops in dates. (M.D.LXXXII ) Unlike the Cloverdale Bible of 1535, we are to add the individual numbers. See "An Attempt to Date the Rules for Roman Numerals".
|
Appendix
Secondary sources are in red.
Etymology: < Latin Jūliānus of or pertaining to Julius; in modern French julien. Pertaining to Julius Cæsar: used in Chronol. in connection with the reform of the calendar instituted by him in the year 46 b.c.
Julian account, = ‘old style’ (see style n.); Julian calendar (see calendar n. 1);
Julian epoch, Julian era, the time from which the Julian calendar dates (46 b.c.);
Julian period, a period of 7980 Julian years, proposed by Joseph Scaliger in 1582 as a universal standard of comparison of chronology, consisting of the product of the numbers of years in the solar and lunar cycles and the cycle of the indiction (28 × 19 × 15);
Julian year, a year of the Julian calendar, or the average year (= 365¼ days) of that calendar.
1592 J. Dee Compend. Rehearsall (Chetham Soc.) 22 Upon the Gregorian publishing of a Reformation of the vulgar Julian yeare.
1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. xli. f. 169, The Iulian yeare is that which we vse at this present day.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 168 After Scaliger..this yeare 1612 is the 1614 of Christ, of the world 5461..of the Iulian Period 6325.
1677 W. Hubbard Narrative (1865) I. 179 This 26 of March being the first Day of the Week, as the first of the Year after our Julian account.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 39. ⁋2 The Gregorian Computation was the most regular, as being Eleven Days before the Julian.
Of, pertaining to, or established by Pope Gregory XIII. Gregorian calendar: see calendar n. 1; so Gregorian style = ‘new style’. Gregorian epoch, the time from which the Gregorian calendar dates (1582).
1642 T. Fuller Holy State iv. xix. 336 The Gregorian account goes ten dayes before the computation of the English calendar.
1649 Milton Εικονοκλαστης Pref. sig. B3v, I shall suspect their Calendar more then the Gregorian.
1700 J. Moxon Math. made Easie (ed. 3) , Gregorian Year, the New Account, or New Style, instituted upon the Reformation of the Calendar, by Pope Gregory the 13th..Anno Domini, 1582.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 39. ⁋2 The Gregorian Computation was the most regular.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word), The present Year 1726, is the 144th Year of the Gregorian Epocha.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word), The Distinction of Old or Julian, and New or Gregorian Style.
The Gregorian calendar is not referenced until 60 years after being introduced (1642).
Secondary sources are in red.
Etymology: < Latin Jūliānus of or pertaining to Julius; in modern French julien. Pertaining to Julius Cæsar: used in Chronol. in connection with the reform of the calendar instituted by him in the year 46 b.c.
Julian account, = ‘old style’ (see style n.); Julian calendar (see calendar n. 1);
Julian epoch, Julian era, the time from which the Julian calendar dates (46 b.c.);
Julian period, a period of 7980 Julian years, proposed by Joseph Scaliger in 1582 as a universal standard of comparison of chronology, consisting of the product of the numbers of years in the solar and lunar cycles and the cycle of the indiction (28 × 19 × 15);
Julian year, a year of the Julian calendar, or the average year (= 365¼ days) of that calendar.
1592 J. Dee Compend. Rehearsall (Chetham Soc.) 22 Upon the Gregorian publishing of a Reformation of the vulgar Julian yeare.
1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. xli. f. 169, The Iulian yeare is that which we vse at this present day.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 168 After Scaliger..this yeare 1612 is the 1614 of Christ, of the world 5461..of the Iulian Period 6325.
1677 W. Hubbard Narrative (1865) I. 179 This 26 of March being the first Day of the Week, as the first of the Year after our Julian account.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 39. ⁋2 The Gregorian Computation was the most regular, as being Eleven Days before the Julian.
Of, pertaining to, or established by Pope Gregory XIII. Gregorian calendar: see calendar n. 1; so Gregorian style = ‘new style’. Gregorian epoch, the time from which the Gregorian calendar dates (1582).
1642 T. Fuller Holy State iv. xix. 336 The Gregorian account goes ten dayes before the computation of the English calendar.
1649 Milton Εικονοκλαστης Pref. sig. B3v, I shall suspect their Calendar more then the Gregorian.
1700 J. Moxon Math. made Easie (ed. 3) , Gregorian Year, the New Account, or New Style, instituted upon the Reformation of the Calendar, by Pope Gregory the 13th..Anno Domini, 1582.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 39. ⁋2 The Gregorian Computation was the most regular.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word), The present Year 1726, is the 144th Year of the Gregorian Epocha.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word), The Distinction of Old or Julian, and New or Gregorian Style.
The Gregorian calendar is not referenced until 60 years after being introduced (1642).
Ides
Forms:
α. OE–ME idus, ME ydus.
β. lME jde (singular), lME yde (singular), lME ydees, lME– ide (singular), lME– ides.
Etymology: < classical Latin Īdūs, feminine plural noun ( < the same Italic base as Oscan ...
In the ancient Roman calendar (Julian and pre-Julian): the third of the three marker days in each month, notionally the day of the full moon, which divides the month in half, i.e. the 15th of March, May, July, October, and the 13th of the other months.
The days after the nones were reckoned forward to the ides; hence such expressions as ‘the fifth of the ides of October’ (or ‘the fifth ides of October’, or ‘the fifth ide of October’), loosely rendering Latin ante diem quintum Idus Octobres (or Octobris) the fifth day (counting inclusively) before the ides of October, i.e. the 11th of October. Cf. calends n., nones n.1
α.
OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Corpus Cambr.) v. xxi. 476 Sona ofer ða Eastertide, þæt is septima Idus on Maius [eOE Otho septima Idus Maias], Osric Norðhymbra cyning of life gewat.
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) i. ii. 22 Þas feower [sc. March, May, July, October] habbað vi nonas and xvii kalendas æfter idus and an and xxx dagena.
▸a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 125v, Som day haþ þe name of kalendis and somme of ydus.
?a1400 (▸a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt 511) ii. 341 Idus, þat is, of May, left I to write þis ryme, B [read D] letter & Friday, by ix þat ȝere ȝede prime.
c1405 (▸c1395) Chaucer Squire's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 39 [Ellesmere He leet] the feste of his Natiuitee [Ellesmere continues Doon] crien thurgh out Sarray his Citee The laste Idus of March after the yeer.
?a1475 (1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl.) (1879) VII. 403 (MED), Thei have but oon refeccion in the day from the idus of September untylle Ester.
β.
a1450 (1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. l. 16033 (MED), Þe ferþe day þat ys y þe ides of Octobre.
c1451 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert 141 (MED), Her lith Seynt Gilbert..whech was translate in-to þis schrine..þe þirde yde of October.
1483 Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 215 b/2 It was the iii ydees of Juyll.
c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxvv/1, Somer..beginnithe the vij. Ide of may and lastith vnto the vij. Ide of august.
1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 40 Dated the .7. of the Ides of June.
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xlii. xxii. 1128 The Pretour..adjourned the defendant to make appearance in the court upon the Ides of March [L. idibus Martiis].
a1616 Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. ii. 20 Cæsar..Beware the Ides of March.
1642 J. Howell The Vote 7 The soft gliding Nones and evry Ide.
1679 J. Moxon Math. made Easie 26 The Roman Month its several days divides By reckoning backwards, Calends, Nones, and Ides.
1719 R. Pack Burlesque Imitation First Ode Horace in Misc. Verse & Prose 73 November shall her Ides advance, To grace my Birth-Day ev'ry Year.
1769 O. Goldsmith Rom. Hist. II. 25 The conspirators..remitted the execution of their design to the ides of March.
1776 A. Adams in J. Q. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 160 The 19th of April, ever memorable for America as the Ides of March to Rome and to Cæsar.
Calends | kalends, n.
Forms: [OE sing. calend, kalendus], ME calendis, kalendis, kalendes, (sing. kalende, ME calende), (ME kalendez, kalendus, ME kalandes, ME–15 kalendas), ME–16 calendes, (15 kalendies, callends, 16 calands), 15– calends, kalends.
Etymology: < Latin kalendae, kalendas, noun plural, first day of the month, on which the order of days was proclaimed; < root kal-, cal-, which appears in Latin calāre, Greek καλεῖν to call, proclaim. (Or < French kalendes, 13th cent. in Littré.) The singular calend is rare and obsolete; it occurs in Old English in the sense ‘month’. No singular was used in Latin.
1. a. The first day of any month in the Roman calendar: the term was more or less retained in actual use down to the 17th c. (The Romans reckoned the days forward to the Kalends, Nones, or Ides next following. Thus, ‘on the 27th of May’ was ‘ante diem sextum Kalendas Junias’. This was loosely rendered into English as ‘the sixth of the Kalends of June’, or ‘the sixth Kalends of June’. Cf. nones n.1, ides n.)
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) ix. xxi. 359 The fyrste daye of a monthe hath the name of Kalendis.
?a1400 Morte Arth. 345 By the kalendez of Juny we schalle encountre ones.
c1420 Pallad. on Husb. iii. 30 In Marche Kalendes in the soile ydight.
c1475 (▸?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 93 A waytiþ not þeis Egipcian daies, þat we call dysmal, ne kalendis of Janiuer.
1496 Dives & Pauper (de Worde) i. xlvii. 87/2 The fyrste daye of the yere, that is the fyrste Kalendas of Januarye.
1577 R. Holinshed Chron. III. 1239/1 In the yeare of our redemption, one thousand, one hundred, thirtie and three, the fift calends of June, being the three and thirtith yeare of the reigne of Henrie the first.
1598 R. Hakluyt tr. W. de Rubruquis in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 94 Wee tooke our iourney..about the kalends of June.
1629 P. Massinger Roman Actor v. i. sig. I4, Thou Shalt dye to morrow being the fourteenth of The Kalends of October.
1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 337 Those that ... marched out safe the Seventh of the Calends of August.
a1764 R. Lloyd Two Odes in Wks. (1774) I. 121 On thy blest Calends, April.
b. With reference to debts and interest being then due: Settling day.
1644 Milton Doctr. Divorce (ed. 2) To Parl. sig. A4, How they will compound, and in what Calends.
a. In Old English A month; also, appointed time, season.
a1000 Menol. (Gr.) 7 Se kalendus kymeð..us to tune; hine folc mycel Januarius heton.
a1000 Menol. (Gr.) 31 Kalend..Martius reðe.
a1000 Solomon & Saturn 479 Ær se dæg cyme, þæt sy his calend cwide (?) arunnen.
†b. In Scripture versions: Applied to the Jewish festival of the new moon. Obs.
▸a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. i. 14 Ȝoure kalendis and ȝoure solempnetees hatede my soule [a1425 my soule hatith ȝoure calendis].
1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 1 Sam. xx. 5 David seide to Jonathan, Loo! Kalendis ben to morwe.
1567 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. (new ed.) i. ix. §3. 66 God commanded the people to kepe the Calendes and Newe Moones.
1609 Bible (Douay) I. Num. xxviii. 11 In the Calendes you shal offer an holocaust to the Lord
3. Phrases.
†a. calends of exchange n. a money changer's calendar, reckoning, or account; hence, business or practical reckoning.
c1374 Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde v. 1647 This Troylus this lettre thought al straunge..Hym thought it like a Kalendes of chaunge.
1470 J. Hardyng Chron. xiii. i, Brutus.....So was the name of this ilke Albyon All sette on side in Kalandes of achaunge.
1470 J. Hardyng Chron. lxxii. ii, ...chaunged all his corage and manhede, In Kalandes of eschaunge he was [so] impressed.
b. on (at) the Greek Calends (Latin ad Græcas kalendas): humorous for Never; since the Greeks used no calends in their reckoning of time.
a1649 W. Drummond Wks. (1711) 185 That Gold, Plate, and all Silver ... shall be paid at the Greek Kalends.
1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word), At the Greek Calends, never; for the Greks have no Calends.
†4. fig. First days, beginning, first taste, prelude. (Also in sing.) Obs.
c1374 Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde ii. Prol. 7 Now of hope the kalendis bygynne.
c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. xiv, in Sel. Wks. II. 261 Kalendis of þis siȝt hadde Poul whan he was ravyshed.
1423 Kingis Quair vi. v, Gave me in hert kalendis of confort.
a1618 W. Raleigh Remains (1644) 114 What is age, but the Calends of death?
5. A calendar, record. (Also in sing. rare.)
1470 J. Hardyng Chron. ccxl. xxix, I make you a kalende Of all the waie to Edenbourgth.
1590 R. Greene Mourning Garment 41 Their lookes are like Calendes, that can determine no certaintie.
1601 J. Weever Mirror of Martyrs sig. Fiijv, Him for a Saint within your Kalends hold.
Nones
Forms: OE–ME nonas, ME nonis, ME nonus, ME nonys, 15– nones.
Etymology: < classical Latin nōnae (accusative nōnās ), use as noun of feminine plural of nōnus ninth (see nona- comb. form), subsequently reinforced by its reflex Anglo-Norman and Middle French nones (early 12th cent. in Old French)
In Old English freq. (after the usual Latin practice of dating) with name of month following in Latin genitive form or (as adjective) in accusative plural form (and with numeral preceding, as required):
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xxxi. 378 He nalas after miclum fæce he eac swylce to Dryhtne ferde, þæt is ærran dæge Nonas Maias.
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 798, Her wæs micel gefeoht on Norðhymbra lande on længtene on iiii nonas Aprilis æt Hwælleage.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 664, Her sunne aðestrode on v nonas Mai.
In the ancient Roman calendar (Julian and pre-Julian): the second of the three marker days in each month, the ninth day (by inclusive reckoning) before the ides, i.e. the 7th of March, May, July, October, and the 5th of the other months.
The days after the calends were reckoned forward to the nones; hence such expressions as ‘the third of the nones of March’ (or ‘the third nones of March’), loosely rendering Latin ante diem tertium nonas Martias (or Martii) the third day (counting inclusively) before the nones of March, i.e. the 5th of March. Cf. calends n., ides n.
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) i. ii. 22 Þa monðas þe habbað iiii nonas æfter kalendas..habbað to idus xiii dagas and to ii kalendas eahtatyne.
▸a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 119, Þe caniculer dayes biginnyth in þe fiftenþe kalendis of august and endiþ in þe nonis [L. nonas] of septembris, and so þey ben euene fifty as it is seide þere.
▸?1440 tr. Palladius De Re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iii. 1031 They beth ripe at Iules nonys.
?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 7861 William..was..In Ianuer, þe thrid nonas, Sakird in saint Iohn otas Of Archebischop of Ȝorke, thomas.
a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 575 (MED), The date at Viter[b]e, the nonys of may, of his Bisshophode the xj yere.
1485 Caxton tr. Lyf St. Wenefryde 12 The day of the thyrdde Nonas of Nouembre.
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. ii. f. 5, The daye before the nones of Aprel, he came ...
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cccclxjv, About ye nones of Nouember..the Lantgraues daughter died.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 224 From the rising of the Dolphin starre, vnto the day before the Nones of lanuarie.
1679 J. Moxon Math. made Easie 26 The Roman Month its several days divides By reckoning backwards, Calends, Nones, and Ides.
1710 H. Prideaux Orig. & Right Tithes iv. 178 ... of the Incarnation of our Lord 855, in the third Indiction, on the Nones of November.
Indiction, n.
Etymology: < Latin indictiōn-em, noun of action fromindīcĕre to appoint, announce, indict v.2, perhaps immed. < Old French indiction, indictiun (Ph. de Thaun, 12th cent.).
1. The action of ordaining or announcing authoritatively and publicly; an appointment, declaration, proclamation.
1583 J. Foxe tr. Card. Julian Epist. in Actes & Monuments (ed. 4) I. 699/1 .... it is rather called an newe indiction or appoyntment.
1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie 153 A hereald must be couragious to promulgate the cruell indictions of warres ...
1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 161 According to the Kings indiction, the Assembly met and sate at Edenburgh.
a1714 Bp G. Burnet Hist. Reformation anno 1536 (R.) He agreed that...they should accept of the indiction of a General Council, ...
1731 S. Chandler tr. P. van Limborch Hist. Inquisition II. 110 ... the Churches have these Letters of Indiction on Sunday.
2. The decree or proclamation of the Roman Emperors fixing the valuation on which the property-tax was assessed at the beginning of each period of fifteen years; hence, the tax or subsidy paid on the basis of this assessment. Also transf.
1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie 147 Their indiction or subsedie (called the indiction of fifteene yeares) was payd in this manner.
a1626 L. Andrewes Serm., Giving Cæsar His Due (1661) 735 Besides those other ordinary, the indictions for war (which we call subsidies) are part of quæ Cæsaris too.
1781 Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xvii. 62 The emperor subscribed with his own hand, and in purple ink, the solemn edict, or indiction, which was fixed up in the principal city of each diocese, during two months previous to the first day of September. And, by a very easy connection of ideas, the word indiction was transferred to the measure of tribute which it prescribed, and to the annual term which it allowed for the payment.
3. a. The fiscal period of fifteen years, instituted by the Emperor Constantine in a.d. 313, and reckoned from the 1st of Sept. 312, which became a usual means of dating ordinary events and transactions, and continued in use as such down through the Middle Ages. Also called indiction cycle or era of indiction or indictions. Besides this, the original or Constantinopolitan indiction, there were also the Constantinian (adopted on mistaken grounds in Western Europe) which began on Sept. 24, and the so-called Roman or Pontifical, beginning with the commencement of the civil year.
▸a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 255 Þe Romayns..hadde of every lond þat þey hadde i-wonne þre manere tribute in fiftene ȝere, and cleped þe fiftene ȝere Indictioun.
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum, Indiction, which is the space of fiftene yeres and used after the church of Rome...
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 127 ...times, as amongst the Greekes by Olympiads, and amongst the Romans by Lustra and Indictions.
a1656 J. Ussher Ann. World (1658) 641.
1702 L. Echard Gen. Eccl. Hist. iii. viii. 468 From this Year [312] began that noted Æra or Period of Time call'd The Indiction.
b. transf. Any similar cycle of years.
1843 W. H. Prescott Hist. Conquest Mexico I. i. iv. 115 ...they divided the great cycle into four smaller cycles, or indictions, of thirteen years each.
4. A specified year in the recurring period of fifteen years, counting from a.d. 312–313, indicated by its numerical position in the cycle; the number thus indicating a year.
▸a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 253 After þe concepcioun of Iohn Baptiste, þe sixte monþe, þe fyve and twenty day of Marche, in a Friday, þe tenþe day of the mone, þe twelfþe Inductioun [Higden Indictione duodecima; Harl. transl. the xiithe indiccion], at Nazareth in Galilee, Crist is iconceyved of þe virgine Marie.
1447 O. Bokenham Lyvys Seyntys (1835) 28 The secunde yer of the forseyd pope Sergye, and thwelfte indiccyoun.
1594 T. Blundeville Exercises vii. ix. f. 310v, Adde to the yeare of the Lorde giuen 3. and diuide the product thereof by 15. and the remainder shall be the number of the said indiction.
1657 tr. A. Thevet Prosopographia 43 in T. North tr. Plutarch Lives (new ed.) , [Charlemain] died..in the year of our Lord eight hundred and fourteen, the seventh Indiction, on the fifth Calends of February.
1710 H. Prideaux Orig. & Right Tithes iv. 178 These things were enacted in the Year of the Incarnation of our Lord 855, in the third Indiction, on the Nones of November.
†5. An ecclesiastical observance authoritatively enjoined, or the period during which it is observed; esp. a public fast. Obs.
1641 Milton Of Reformation 39 He that cannot tell of Stations, and Indictions..shall be counted a lank, shallow, unsufficient man.
1665 J. Evelyn Let. 9 Feb. in Diary & Corr. (1852) III. 151 The Lenten abstinence minds me of another incongruity..the frequency of our theatrical pastimes during that indiction.
a1706 J. Evelyn Life Mrs. Godolphin (1939) 89 Not onely did she Fast on days of Indiction, & such as the Church injoyns.
6. = indication n.: cf. indict v.2 2. Obs.
1653 R. Saunders Treat. Moles 21 in Physiognomie, [It] is the indiction of a short life.
Anno Domini, adv. and n.
Etymology: Latin ‘in the year of (our) Lord’; usually written a.d.
a. In the year of the Christian era; in the year since (the reputed date of) the birth of Christ.
1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 389 Whome M. Heskins..affirmeth to haue liued Anno Dom. 511.
Julian, adj.
Etymology: < Latin Jūliānus of or pertaining to Julius; in modern French julien.
Pertaining to Julius Cæsar: used in Chronol. in connection with the reform of the calendar instituted by him in the year 46 b.c.
Julian account, = ‘old style’ (see style n.); Julian calendar (see calendar n. 1);
Julian epoch, Julian era, the time from which the Julian calendar dates (46 b.c.); Julian period, a period of 7980 Julian years, proposed by Joseph Scaliger in 1582 as a universal standard of comparison of chronology, consisting of the product of the numbers of years in the solar and lunar cycles and the cycle of the indiction (28 × 19 × 15); Julian year, a year of the Julian calendar, or the average year (= 365¼ days) of that calendar.
1592 J. Dee Compend. Rehearsall (Chetham Soc.) 22 Upon the Gregorian publishing of a Reformation of the vulgar Julian yeare.
1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. xli. f. 169, The Iulian yeare is that which we vse at this present day.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 168 After Scaliger..this yeare 1612 is the 1614 of Christ, of the world 5461..of the Iulian Period 6325.
1677 W. Hubbard Narrative (1865) I. 179 This 26 of March being the first Day of the Week, as the first of the Year after our Julian account.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 39. ⁋2 The Gregorian Computation was the most regular, as being Eleven Days before the Julian.
Caesarean | Caesarian, adj. and n.
Etymology: < Latin Caesariānus pertaining to Caesar; also < Latin Caesareus , in same sense + -an suffix.
A. adj. 1. Of or pertaining to Cæsar or the Cæsars.
1660 J. Howell Lex. Tetraglotton To Philol., The Italian may be also calld..the Imperiall Cæsarean language.
a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) iii. 95 A short Cæsarian Conquest overcoming without a blow.
1776 Gibbon Decline & Fall I. 402 The Cæsarean ornaments.
2. (Also with lower-case initial): spec. (in Obstetrics) Caesarean birth n. (also Cæsarean operation, Cæsarean section) the delivery of a child by cutting through the walls of the abdomen when delivery cannot take place in the natural way, as was done in the case of Julius Cæsar. Also fig.
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 344 Concerning this Cæsarian section.
1661 E. Hickeringill Jamaica 40 Neither heat nor cold can baracade the..womb of the earth from the Cæsarean Section..of the greedy Miners.
1751 Chambers's Cycl. (ed. 7) (at cited word), Sometimes also denominated the Cæsarian birth..as were [born] C. Julius Cæsar, Scipio Africanus, Manlius, and our Edward VI.
B. n. 1. An adherent of Cæsar, of the Emperor (against the Pope), or of an imperial system.
1528 Let. in Brewer Reign Hen. VIII II. 323 The Archbishop of Capua and others of the Cæsarians.
a1575 N. Harpsfield Treat. Divorce Henry VIII (1878) (modernized text) 182 If any such thing should by the Cæsarients..be attempted.
1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. 282 The eagernesse of the Cæsarians.
2. (Also with lower-case initial.) A Cæsarean section. colloq.
1923 S. P. Warren in Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. 6 338 (heading) What I have learned from my one hundred and six cesareans.
Forms:
α. OE–ME idus, ME ydus.
β. lME jde (singular), lME yde (singular), lME ydees, lME– ide (singular), lME– ides.
Etymology: < classical Latin Īdūs, feminine plural noun ( < the same Italic base as Oscan ...
In the ancient Roman calendar (Julian and pre-Julian): the third of the three marker days in each month, notionally the day of the full moon, which divides the month in half, i.e. the 15th of March, May, July, October, and the 13th of the other months.
The days after the nones were reckoned forward to the ides; hence such expressions as ‘the fifth of the ides of October’ (or ‘the fifth ides of October’, or ‘the fifth ide of October’), loosely rendering Latin ante diem quintum Idus Octobres (or Octobris) the fifth day (counting inclusively) before the ides of October, i.e. the 11th of October. Cf. calends n., nones n.1
α.
OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Corpus Cambr.) v. xxi. 476 Sona ofer ða Eastertide, þæt is septima Idus on Maius [eOE Otho septima Idus Maias], Osric Norðhymbra cyning of life gewat.
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) i. ii. 22 Þas feower [sc. March, May, July, October] habbað vi nonas and xvii kalendas æfter idus and an and xxx dagena.
▸a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 125v, Som day haþ þe name of kalendis and somme of ydus.
?a1400 (▸a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt 511) ii. 341 Idus, þat is, of May, left I to write þis ryme, B [read D] letter & Friday, by ix þat ȝere ȝede prime.
c1405 (▸c1395) Chaucer Squire's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 39 [Ellesmere He leet] the feste of his Natiuitee [Ellesmere continues Doon] crien thurgh out Sarray his Citee The laste Idus of March after the yeer.
?a1475 (1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl.) (1879) VII. 403 (MED), Thei have but oon refeccion in the day from the idus of September untylle Ester.
β.
a1450 (1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. l. 16033 (MED), Þe ferþe day þat ys y þe ides of Octobre.
c1451 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert 141 (MED), Her lith Seynt Gilbert..whech was translate in-to þis schrine..þe þirde yde of October.
1483 Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 215 b/2 It was the iii ydees of Juyll.
c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxvv/1, Somer..beginnithe the vij. Ide of may and lastith vnto the vij. Ide of august.
1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 40 Dated the .7. of the Ides of June.
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xlii. xxii. 1128 The Pretour..adjourned the defendant to make appearance in the court upon the Ides of March [L. idibus Martiis].
a1616 Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. ii. 20 Cæsar..Beware the Ides of March.
1642 J. Howell The Vote 7 The soft gliding Nones and evry Ide.
1679 J. Moxon Math. made Easie 26 The Roman Month its several days divides By reckoning backwards, Calends, Nones, and Ides.
1719 R. Pack Burlesque Imitation First Ode Horace in Misc. Verse & Prose 73 November shall her Ides advance, To grace my Birth-Day ev'ry Year.
1769 O. Goldsmith Rom. Hist. II. 25 The conspirators..remitted the execution of their design to the ides of March.
1776 A. Adams in J. Q. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 160 The 19th of April, ever memorable for America as the Ides of March to Rome and to Cæsar.
Calends | kalends, n.
Forms: [OE sing. calend, kalendus], ME calendis, kalendis, kalendes, (sing. kalende, ME calende), (ME kalendez, kalendus, ME kalandes, ME–15 kalendas), ME–16 calendes, (15 kalendies, callends, 16 calands), 15– calends, kalends.
Etymology: < Latin kalendae, kalendas, noun plural, first day of the month, on which the order of days was proclaimed; < root kal-, cal-, which appears in Latin calāre, Greek καλεῖν to call, proclaim. (Or < French kalendes, 13th cent. in Littré.) The singular calend is rare and obsolete; it occurs in Old English in the sense ‘month’. No singular was used in Latin.
1. a. The first day of any month in the Roman calendar: the term was more or less retained in actual use down to the 17th c. (The Romans reckoned the days forward to the Kalends, Nones, or Ides next following. Thus, ‘on the 27th of May’ was ‘ante diem sextum Kalendas Junias’. This was loosely rendered into English as ‘the sixth of the Kalends of June’, or ‘the sixth Kalends of June’. Cf. nones n.1, ides n.)
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) ix. xxi. 359 The fyrste daye of a monthe hath the name of Kalendis.
?a1400 Morte Arth. 345 By the kalendez of Juny we schalle encountre ones.
c1420 Pallad. on Husb. iii. 30 In Marche Kalendes in the soile ydight.
c1475 (▸?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 93 A waytiþ not þeis Egipcian daies, þat we call dysmal, ne kalendis of Janiuer.
1496 Dives & Pauper (de Worde) i. xlvii. 87/2 The fyrste daye of the yere, that is the fyrste Kalendas of Januarye.
1577 R. Holinshed Chron. III. 1239/1 In the yeare of our redemption, one thousand, one hundred, thirtie and three, the fift calends of June, being the three and thirtith yeare of the reigne of Henrie the first.
1598 R. Hakluyt tr. W. de Rubruquis in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 94 Wee tooke our iourney..about the kalends of June.
1629 P. Massinger Roman Actor v. i. sig. I4, Thou Shalt dye to morrow being the fourteenth of The Kalends of October.
1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 337 Those that ... marched out safe the Seventh of the Calends of August.
a1764 R. Lloyd Two Odes in Wks. (1774) I. 121 On thy blest Calends, April.
b. With reference to debts and interest being then due: Settling day.
1644 Milton Doctr. Divorce (ed. 2) To Parl. sig. A4, How they will compound, and in what Calends.
a. In Old English A month; also, appointed time, season.
a1000 Menol. (Gr.) 7 Se kalendus kymeð..us to tune; hine folc mycel Januarius heton.
a1000 Menol. (Gr.) 31 Kalend..Martius reðe.
a1000 Solomon & Saturn 479 Ær se dæg cyme, þæt sy his calend cwide (?) arunnen.
†b. In Scripture versions: Applied to the Jewish festival of the new moon. Obs.
▸a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. i. 14 Ȝoure kalendis and ȝoure solempnetees hatede my soule [a1425 my soule hatith ȝoure calendis].
1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 1 Sam. xx. 5 David seide to Jonathan, Loo! Kalendis ben to morwe.
1567 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. (new ed.) i. ix. §3. 66 God commanded the people to kepe the Calendes and Newe Moones.
1609 Bible (Douay) I. Num. xxviii. 11 In the Calendes you shal offer an holocaust to the Lord
3. Phrases.
†a. calends of exchange n. a money changer's calendar, reckoning, or account; hence, business or practical reckoning.
c1374 Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde v. 1647 This Troylus this lettre thought al straunge..Hym thought it like a Kalendes of chaunge.
1470 J. Hardyng Chron. xiii. i, Brutus.....So was the name of this ilke Albyon All sette on side in Kalandes of achaunge.
1470 J. Hardyng Chron. lxxii. ii, ...chaunged all his corage and manhede, In Kalandes of eschaunge he was [so] impressed.
b. on (at) the Greek Calends (Latin ad Græcas kalendas): humorous for Never; since the Greeks used no calends in their reckoning of time.
a1649 W. Drummond Wks. (1711) 185 That Gold, Plate, and all Silver ... shall be paid at the Greek Kalends.
1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word), At the Greek Calends, never; for the Greks have no Calends.
†4. fig. First days, beginning, first taste, prelude. (Also in sing.) Obs.
c1374 Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde ii. Prol. 7 Now of hope the kalendis bygynne.
c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. xiv, in Sel. Wks. II. 261 Kalendis of þis siȝt hadde Poul whan he was ravyshed.
1423 Kingis Quair vi. v, Gave me in hert kalendis of confort.
a1618 W. Raleigh Remains (1644) 114 What is age, but the Calends of death?
5. A calendar, record. (Also in sing. rare.)
1470 J. Hardyng Chron. ccxl. xxix, I make you a kalende Of all the waie to Edenbourgth.
1590 R. Greene Mourning Garment 41 Their lookes are like Calendes, that can determine no certaintie.
1601 J. Weever Mirror of Martyrs sig. Fiijv, Him for a Saint within your Kalends hold.
Nones
Forms: OE–ME nonas, ME nonis, ME nonus, ME nonys, 15– nones.
Etymology: < classical Latin nōnae (accusative nōnās ), use as noun of feminine plural of nōnus ninth (see nona- comb. form), subsequently reinforced by its reflex Anglo-Norman and Middle French nones (early 12th cent. in Old French)
In Old English freq. (after the usual Latin practice of dating) with name of month following in Latin genitive form or (as adjective) in accusative plural form (and with numeral preceding, as required):
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xxxi. 378 He nalas after miclum fæce he eac swylce to Dryhtne ferde, þæt is ærran dæge Nonas Maias.
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 798, Her wæs micel gefeoht on Norðhymbra lande on længtene on iiii nonas Aprilis æt Hwælleage.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 664, Her sunne aðestrode on v nonas Mai.
In the ancient Roman calendar (Julian and pre-Julian): the second of the three marker days in each month, the ninth day (by inclusive reckoning) before the ides, i.e. the 7th of March, May, July, October, and the 5th of the other months.
The days after the calends were reckoned forward to the nones; hence such expressions as ‘the third of the nones of March’ (or ‘the third nones of March’), loosely rendering Latin ante diem tertium nonas Martias (or Martii) the third day (counting inclusively) before the nones of March, i.e. the 5th of March. Cf. calends n., ides n.
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) i. ii. 22 Þa monðas þe habbað iiii nonas æfter kalendas..habbað to idus xiii dagas and to ii kalendas eahtatyne.
▸a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 119, Þe caniculer dayes biginnyth in þe fiftenþe kalendis of august and endiþ in þe nonis [L. nonas] of septembris, and so þey ben euene fifty as it is seide þere.
▸?1440 tr. Palladius De Re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iii. 1031 They beth ripe at Iules nonys.
?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 7861 William..was..In Ianuer, þe thrid nonas, Sakird in saint Iohn otas Of Archebischop of Ȝorke, thomas.
a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 575 (MED), The date at Viter[b]e, the nonys of may, of his Bisshophode the xj yere.
1485 Caxton tr. Lyf St. Wenefryde 12 The day of the thyrdde Nonas of Nouembre.
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. ii. f. 5, The daye before the nones of Aprel, he came ...
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cccclxjv, About ye nones of Nouember..the Lantgraues daughter died.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 224 From the rising of the Dolphin starre, vnto the day before the Nones of lanuarie.
1679 J. Moxon Math. made Easie 26 The Roman Month its several days divides By reckoning backwards, Calends, Nones, and Ides.
1710 H. Prideaux Orig. & Right Tithes iv. 178 ... of the Incarnation of our Lord 855, in the third Indiction, on the Nones of November.
Indiction, n.
Etymology: < Latin indictiōn-em, noun of action fromindīcĕre to appoint, announce, indict v.2, perhaps immed. < Old French indiction, indictiun (Ph. de Thaun, 12th cent.).
1. The action of ordaining or announcing authoritatively and publicly; an appointment, declaration, proclamation.
1583 J. Foxe tr. Card. Julian Epist. in Actes & Monuments (ed. 4) I. 699/1 .... it is rather called an newe indiction or appoyntment.
1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie 153 A hereald must be couragious to promulgate the cruell indictions of warres ...
1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 161 According to the Kings indiction, the Assembly met and sate at Edenburgh.
a1714 Bp G. Burnet Hist. Reformation anno 1536 (R.) He agreed that...they should accept of the indiction of a General Council, ...
1731 S. Chandler tr. P. van Limborch Hist. Inquisition II. 110 ... the Churches have these Letters of Indiction on Sunday.
2. The decree or proclamation of the Roman Emperors fixing the valuation on which the property-tax was assessed at the beginning of each period of fifteen years; hence, the tax or subsidy paid on the basis of this assessment. Also transf.
1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie 147 Their indiction or subsedie (called the indiction of fifteene yeares) was payd in this manner.
a1626 L. Andrewes Serm., Giving Cæsar His Due (1661) 735 Besides those other ordinary, the indictions for war (which we call subsidies) are part of quæ Cæsaris too.
1781 Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xvii. 62 The emperor subscribed with his own hand, and in purple ink, the solemn edict, or indiction, which was fixed up in the principal city of each diocese, during two months previous to the first day of September. And, by a very easy connection of ideas, the word indiction was transferred to the measure of tribute which it prescribed, and to the annual term which it allowed for the payment.
3. a. The fiscal period of fifteen years, instituted by the Emperor Constantine in a.d. 313, and reckoned from the 1st of Sept. 312, which became a usual means of dating ordinary events and transactions, and continued in use as such down through the Middle Ages. Also called indiction cycle or era of indiction or indictions. Besides this, the original or Constantinopolitan indiction, there were also the Constantinian (adopted on mistaken grounds in Western Europe) which began on Sept. 24, and the so-called Roman or Pontifical, beginning with the commencement of the civil year.
▸a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 255 Þe Romayns..hadde of every lond þat þey hadde i-wonne þre manere tribute in fiftene ȝere, and cleped þe fiftene ȝere Indictioun.
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum, Indiction, which is the space of fiftene yeres and used after the church of Rome...
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 127 ...times, as amongst the Greekes by Olympiads, and amongst the Romans by Lustra and Indictions.
a1656 J. Ussher Ann. World (1658) 641.
1702 L. Echard Gen. Eccl. Hist. iii. viii. 468 From this Year [312] began that noted Æra or Period of Time call'd The Indiction.
b. transf. Any similar cycle of years.
1843 W. H. Prescott Hist. Conquest Mexico I. i. iv. 115 ...they divided the great cycle into four smaller cycles, or indictions, of thirteen years each.
4. A specified year in the recurring period of fifteen years, counting from a.d. 312–313, indicated by its numerical position in the cycle; the number thus indicating a year.
▸a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 253 After þe concepcioun of Iohn Baptiste, þe sixte monþe, þe fyve and twenty day of Marche, in a Friday, þe tenþe day of the mone, þe twelfþe Inductioun [Higden Indictione duodecima; Harl. transl. the xiithe indiccion], at Nazareth in Galilee, Crist is iconceyved of þe virgine Marie.
1447 O. Bokenham Lyvys Seyntys (1835) 28 The secunde yer of the forseyd pope Sergye, and thwelfte indiccyoun.
1594 T. Blundeville Exercises vii. ix. f. 310v, Adde to the yeare of the Lorde giuen 3. and diuide the product thereof by 15. and the remainder shall be the number of the said indiction.
1657 tr. A. Thevet Prosopographia 43 in T. North tr. Plutarch Lives (new ed.) , [Charlemain] died..in the year of our Lord eight hundred and fourteen, the seventh Indiction, on the fifth Calends of February.
1710 H. Prideaux Orig. & Right Tithes iv. 178 These things were enacted in the Year of the Incarnation of our Lord 855, in the third Indiction, on the Nones of November.
†5. An ecclesiastical observance authoritatively enjoined, or the period during which it is observed; esp. a public fast. Obs.
1641 Milton Of Reformation 39 He that cannot tell of Stations, and Indictions..shall be counted a lank, shallow, unsufficient man.
1665 J. Evelyn Let. 9 Feb. in Diary & Corr. (1852) III. 151 The Lenten abstinence minds me of another incongruity..the frequency of our theatrical pastimes during that indiction.
a1706 J. Evelyn Life Mrs. Godolphin (1939) 89 Not onely did she Fast on days of Indiction, & such as the Church injoyns.
6. = indication n.: cf. indict v.2 2. Obs.
1653 R. Saunders Treat. Moles 21 in Physiognomie, [It] is the indiction of a short life.
Anno Domini, adv. and n.
Etymology: Latin ‘in the year of (our) Lord’; usually written a.d.
a. In the year of the Christian era; in the year since (the reputed date of) the birth of Christ.
1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 389 Whome M. Heskins..affirmeth to haue liued Anno Dom. 511.
Julian, adj.
Etymology: < Latin Jūliānus of or pertaining to Julius; in modern French julien.
Pertaining to Julius Cæsar: used in Chronol. in connection with the reform of the calendar instituted by him in the year 46 b.c.
Julian account, = ‘old style’ (see style n.); Julian calendar (see calendar n. 1);
Julian epoch, Julian era, the time from which the Julian calendar dates (46 b.c.); Julian period, a period of 7980 Julian years, proposed by Joseph Scaliger in 1582 as a universal standard of comparison of chronology, consisting of the product of the numbers of years in the solar and lunar cycles and the cycle of the indiction (28 × 19 × 15); Julian year, a year of the Julian calendar, or the average year (= 365¼ days) of that calendar.
1592 J. Dee Compend. Rehearsall (Chetham Soc.) 22 Upon the Gregorian publishing of a Reformation of the vulgar Julian yeare.
1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. xli. f. 169, The Iulian yeare is that which we vse at this present day.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 168 After Scaliger..this yeare 1612 is the 1614 of Christ, of the world 5461..of the Iulian Period 6325.
1677 W. Hubbard Narrative (1865) I. 179 This 26 of March being the first Day of the Week, as the first of the Year after our Julian account.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 39. ⁋2 The Gregorian Computation was the most regular, as being Eleven Days before the Julian.
Caesarean | Caesarian, adj. and n.
Etymology: < Latin Caesariānus pertaining to Caesar; also < Latin Caesareus , in same sense + -an suffix.
A. adj. 1. Of or pertaining to Cæsar or the Cæsars.
1660 J. Howell Lex. Tetraglotton To Philol., The Italian may be also calld..the Imperiall Cæsarean language.
a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) iii. 95 A short Cæsarian Conquest overcoming without a blow.
1776 Gibbon Decline & Fall I. 402 The Cæsarean ornaments.
2. (Also with lower-case initial): spec. (in Obstetrics) Caesarean birth n. (also Cæsarean operation, Cæsarean section) the delivery of a child by cutting through the walls of the abdomen when delivery cannot take place in the natural way, as was done in the case of Julius Cæsar. Also fig.
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 344 Concerning this Cæsarian section.
1661 E. Hickeringill Jamaica 40 Neither heat nor cold can baracade the..womb of the earth from the Cæsarean Section..of the greedy Miners.
1751 Chambers's Cycl. (ed. 7) (at cited word), Sometimes also denominated the Cæsarian birth..as were [born] C. Julius Cæsar, Scipio Africanus, Manlius, and our Edward VI.
B. n. 1. An adherent of Cæsar, of the Emperor (against the Pope), or of an imperial system.
1528 Let. in Brewer Reign Hen. VIII II. 323 The Archbishop of Capua and others of the Cæsarians.
a1575 N. Harpsfield Treat. Divorce Henry VIII (1878) (modernized text) 182 If any such thing should by the Cæsarients..be attempted.
1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. 282 The eagernesse of the Cæsarians.
2. (Also with lower-case initial.) A Cæsarean section. colloq.
1923 S. P. Warren in Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. 6 338 (heading) What I have learned from my one hundred and six cesareans.